China News Service3month2日China State Council Information Office released the white paper "Fifty Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet" on the afternoon of the 2nd，Introducing the implementation of democratic reforms in Tibet、The process of abolishing theocratic serfdom and the great changes that have occurred in the past fifty years。The full text of the white paper is as follows:
Preface
Tibet has been an integral part of China since ancient times。Peaceful liberation of Tibet、Expel the imperialist aggressive forces from Tibet，Implement democratic reforms、Abolition of the theocratic feudal serfdom system in Tibet，Is an important part of the Chinese people’s anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national democratic revolution in modern times，It is also a major historical task faced by the Chinese government after the founding of the People's Republic of China。
1959Tibet before 10613 was a darker place than the European Middle Ages、Backward theocratic feudal serfdom society。The 14th Dalai Lama is the leader of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism，Also the head of the Tibetan local government，Combining political and religious power，is the general representative of the feudal serf-owning class in Tibet。Not enough of the total population of Tibet5%’s serf owners own most of the means of production in Tibet，Monopolizes Tibet’s material and spiritual wealth，And accounting for the population95%The above serfs and slaves have no means of production and personal freedom，Suffering extremely cruel oppression and exploitation，Struggling in a miserable situation of extreme poverty，Not talking about human rights at all。The long-term feudal serfdom rule of theocracy has stifled the vitality and vitality of Tibetan society，Making Tibetan society increasingly declining and declining。
1951Year，The Central People's Government and the Tibetan local government signed the "Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet"(referred to as "Seventeen-Article Agreement")，Tibet has got rid of the fetters of imperialist aggression，Achieve peaceful liberation，Creating the basic prerequisite for Tibet and the whole country to achieve common progress and development。
The "Seventeen-Article Agreement" affirms the necessity of reforming the Tibetan social system，emphasis“The Tibetan local government should take the initiative to carry out reforms”，But，Considering the special circumstances of Tibet，The Central People’s Government has adopted a very prudent attitude toward reform，With great patience、Tolerance and sincerity，Persuasion、Waiting for the Tibetan upper-level ruling group to take the initiative to carry out reforms。But，With the instigation and support of imperialist forces，Some people in Tibet’s upper-level ruling group are facing the people’s growing demands for democratic reform，Fundamentally opposed to reform，Stubborn persistence“If you don’t change for a long time, you won’t change forever”, trying to maintain the feudal serfdom system of theocracy forever, in1959Year3month10日Publicly tearing up the "17-Article Agreement"，Brazenly launched a full-scale armed rebellion。In this case，To safeguard the unity of the country and the fundamental interests of the Tibetan people，The Central People's Government and the Tibetan people resolutely put down the armed rebellion。Meanwhile，A vigorous mass democratic reform movement was launched in Tibet，Abolition of the feudal serfdom system that combined politics and religion，Freed millions of serfs and slaves，Creating a new era in which the Tibetan people are the masters of their own country。This is the most extensive in the history of Tibet’s development、The most profound、The greatest social change，It is an epoch-making historical event for Tibetan social development and human rights progress，It is also a huge progress of great significance in the history of the development of human civilization and the history of world human rights。
Half a century ago，The liberated people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have received the care of the Central People’s Government and the support of the people across the country，Dedicate yourself to building a new society with an attitude of ownership and unprecedented enthusiasm、The great process of creating a new life，Created one miracle after another unprecedented in Tibetan history。Tibet’s social system has achieved leapfrog development，Modernization construction is changing with each passing day、Progress by leaps and bounds，The social outlook has undergone earth-shaking historical changes，The cause of human rights has made significant progress that has attracted worldwide attention。
This year is the year Tibet implements democratic reforms50Anniversary。Reviewing the magnificent historical process of democratic reform in Tibet and50The extensive and profound historical changes in Tibet in recent years，Revealing the laws of Tibetan social development，Expose the Dalai Group with facts“Tibet issue”Various lies spread on the Internet and the true face of the 14th Dalai Lama，Help to clarify historical rights and wrongs，Let the world better understand a real Tibet、Tibet is developing and changing。
1. Theocratic feudal serfdom society in old Tibet
1959Before democratic reform，Tibet is under the rule of theocratic feudal serfdom，By the official、The serf-owning class composed of the three major lords, the nobility and the upper-class monks of the monasteries, carried out extremely cruel political oppression and economic exploitation of the serfs and slaves，The Tibetan people are in severe disaster、Difficult survival，Tibetan society has fallen into a state of extreme poverty, backwardness, isolation and shrinkage。
——Medieval social form that unites politics and religion。About the social form of old Tibet，1904Edmund, a British military reporter who visited Lhasa in 2004·Candler has detailed records in "The True Face of Lhasa"。He said，Tibet at that time，“People are still stuck in the Middle Ages，Not just in their political system、Religion，In their severe punishment、Witchcraft、This is true regarding the reincarnation of soul boys and the torment of fire and boiling oil，And in all aspects of their daily lives”。(Note1)The most striking feature of the old Tibetan social system is the integration of politics and religion，The religious elite and temples are powerful，As the main political ruler of Tibet，Also one of the largest serf owners，Have many politics、Economic privileges，Dominates people’s material and spiritual life。Edmund·Candler said in "The True Face of Lhasa",“This place implements a feudal system。The Lama is the Supreme Emperor，Farmers are their slaves”。“Powerful monks control everything。Even the Buddha himself，Nothing can be done without the monks”。(Note2)According to statistics, before the democratic reform, there were total temples in Tibet2676seat, monks114925People, including the upper-level monks such as the big and small living Buddhas500People, monks with real economic power4000Yuren。At that time, about a quarter of the men in Tibet became monks。Zhe Beng、Salad、The number of monks in the three major Ganden monasteries once exceeded1.6Ten thousand people occupy the manor together321person, land14.7Wandok(1gramEquivalent to 1mu), pasture450person, livestock11Ten thousand heads, possessing peasants and herdsmen6More than 10,000 people。Religious power has been viciously expanded under the theocratic system，Consumption of a large amount of Tibet’s human resources and most of its material wealth，Confining people’s thoughts，Becoming a heavy shackle that hinders the development of productivity。20Century20Charles who served as a British business representative in Lhasa for many years·Bell said in "The Biography of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama"，The reason why the Dalai Lama can reward and punish as he pleases，It lies in his political and religious status，He has the power of life and death of the serfs in this life，Control them again“Afterlife”'s fate, and use it as a threat.(Note3)American Tibetologist Mei·Goldstein pointed out profoundly,“In Tibet，Society and government are based on a value system in which religious goals and actions take precedence over all else”。“The power and privileges of religion and the great monasteries played a major role in thwarting progress”. It is also said that religious and monastic groups are“The heavy shackles of Tibetan social progress”，“It is precisely because of the fact that the entire nation believes in religion and religious leaders hold political and religious power，Causing Tibet to lose its ability to adapt to changing environments and situations”。(Note4)
——The three major lords occupy most of the means of production。All cultivated land in old Tibet, pasture、Forest、Mountains and rivers、River、River beach and most livestock，All have a population of approximately5%'s official family、Noble、Occupied by the three upper-level monks of the temple and their agents。Accounting for the population of Tibet90%left and right“Chaba”(A person who received allotment of land and sent slaves to the serf owners)、“Duiqiong”(means the smoking house)is a serf，They have no means of production and personal freedom，Making a living by farming allotments。Another appointment5%of“Langsheng”A slave for generations, treated as“Talking tool”. according to17According to statistics from the early years of the Qing Dynasty in the 19th century, Tibet had about arable land at that time30010,000 grams, including30.9%Occupied by the feudal local government,29.6%Occupied by nobles,39.5%Occupied by the monastery and upper-class monks。Afterwards，The situation of the three major lords monopolizing the means of production has basically not changed。According to statistics，Before democratic reform，The family of the 14th Dalai Lama occupies Tibet27Manor,30A ranch with farm slaves6000Multiple people. The highland barley extracted from the serfs every year33000Dock(1gramequivalent to14kg),ghee2500Dock, Tibetan Silver200More than ten thousand taels, cattle and sheep300Tou, Pulu175Vol.1959In the year, the 14th Dalai Lama himself had gold16Ten thousand taels, silver9500Ten thousand taels, jewelry and jade2More than 10,000 pieces, including various silks, satins, and precious fur clothes1More than 10,000 pieces，Among them is a cloak inlaid with pearls and gemstones worth tens of thousands of yuan100Multiple items.
——Three major lords possess the bodies of serfs。Old Tibet Local Government Regulations，Serfs can only be fixed on the manor land of their lord，No leaving without permission，Absolutely no escape。Serfs have been attached to their lords for generations，Tethered to the manor's land。Anyone who can cultivate land with human and animal power，Everyone has to grow good land，Bingzhi Ula Chaosi。Once a serf loses the ability to work，The livestock were taken back、Farm tools、Poor place，Reduced to slavery。The serf owner possesses the serf’s body，Control serfs as your own private property，Can be used for gambling、Buy and sell、Transfer、Gift、Debt payment and exchange。1943Year, noble car door·Rob Wangjie100Sold a serf to Lobsang Chucheng, a monk in Gardrup Khansa in the Drigong area，The price of each serf is60Two Tibetan Silver(15Two Tibetan silvers are equivalent to one silver dollar), In addition, he also put400A serf gave it to Gongdelin Temple and arrived3000Pinzangyin(1pinyuehe50Two Tibetan Silver)Debt。The serf owner controls the life of the serfs、Death、Marriage、Marrying for power。As the folk proverb at the time said:“Although life is born from parents，The body is owned by officials。Even with life and body，But he has no right to make the decision。”The marriage of serfs must obtain the consent of the lord，Serf marriages of different lords must be paid“Redemption fee”。If a serf gives birth to a child, he must pay birth tax to the lord，Register，The children of serfs are destined to be serfs for life as soon as they are born。
——Strict hierarchy。The "Thirteen Codes" and the "Sixteen Codes" that have been in use for hundreds of years in old Tibet，Divide people into three and nine levels，Clearly stipulates that people have unequal status under the law。The Code stipulates:“People are divided into three categories: upper, middle and lower，Each level is divided into upper, middle and lower levels。This is the upper, middle and lower grades，Depends on the nobleness of his bloodline、Depending on the position”。The superiors are a very small number of nobles、Great Living Buddha and senior officials；Medium people are ordinary monks and lay officials、Lower officers and agents of the three major lords；Inferior people account for the total population of Tibet95%18239_18245。The "Code" stipulates in the Law on the Life Price of Compensation for Murder:“People have different levels, so the price of life also has different levels.”The superior person is like a prince、Great Living Buddha，The price of his life is the weight of his body in gold；And inferior and inferior people such as women、Butcher、Orion、craftsmen, etc.，The price of his life is only a straw rope。The "Report Not Allowed to Accept the Descendants of Blacksmiths" recorded in the Archives of the Tibet Autonomous Region records:1953Year，The descendant of a blacksmith from Doilung Dechen County works beside the 14th Dalai Lama。When the 14th Dalai Lama discovered that he was a descendant of a blacksmith, he immediately drove him away，And order all those who are gold and silver blacksmiths、Everyone in the butcher’s family is a lower class person，Cannot work in the government，Cannot marry with other caste families。Tan, a Tibetologist from the State University of New York, USA·Gorenv pointed out in "The Birth of Modern Tibet"，Human equality is an element in Buddhist teachings。But，Unfortunately this did not stop the Tibetans from establishing their own caste system。
——Cruel political oppression and punishment。The Tibetan local code at that time stipulated that if a serf“Offended”Influenced the interests of the three major lords,“Gouge out his eyes according to the circumstances，Peel the leg meat，Tongue cutting，Amputation，Pushed off the cliff，Throw into the water，or killing，Punishment in the future，As a warning to others”. serf“Screaming injustice to the palace，Unbecoming，Should be arrested and beaten；Arrest those who are not restrained by their master；The detective master is arrested for important matters；Common bet365 online sports betting mobilepeople collide with officials and arrest them”。People of different classes violate the same criminal law，The sentencing standards and treatment methods are also very different。The Tibetan code at that time stipulated that any servant rebels against his master，The owner was seriously injured，The servant’s hands and feet are to be chopped off；If the master hurts the servant，Just medical treatment；Like hurting a living Buddha，committed a felony，I want to dig out my eyes、chop feet、Mutilation of hands or various forms of capital punishment。20Trebikov, a Russian who visited Lhasa at the beginning of the century, wrote in the book "Buddhist Pilgrims in the Holy Land of Tibet":“In Lhasa，Every day you can see people being punished for coveting other people’s property，They had their fingers and noses cut off，More are blinded、Blind man engaged in begging。Secondly，Tibet is also used to letting criminals wear small round wooden shackles around their necks for life，Feet in shackles，Exiled to remote areas and given to nobles or various clan officials as slaves。The most severe punishment is naturally the death penalty，The solution is to sink the person into the river and drown(This is the case in Lhasa)Or throw from the cliff(This is the case in Shigatse)”。(Note5)David the British·McDonald wrote in "Portrait of Tibet",“The most severe punishment in Tibet is death，The hypothesis that the lama’s recreated soul cannot be reincarnated，The most severe punishment is the death penalty，In addition, the tragic situation of disintegrating the dried skull。The most common criminal law，Every case of capital crime，Sewing the prisoner into the leather bag，thrown into the river，To sink after his death，The leather bag is on the river，approx.5Minutes start to decrease，Looking back, it is still alive，Throw it down again，Yi Qi is dead，So the body was taken out of the leather bag and dismembered，Throwing limbs and body into the river，Go with the flow…… Besides severed limbs，There is another cruel punishment of gouging out the eyes，Or use concave simmering iron，Place in eye，Or use boiling oil，or boiling water，Falled in the eyes，It is enough to cause the eyes to lose sight，Then grab out its eyeballs with an iron hook”。(Note6)
Temples and nobles have prisons or private cells，You can bring your own torture instruments，Private court，Punishment of serfs and slaves，There are many handcuffs in Ganden Monastery、Shackles、Stick and used to gouge out the eyes、Cruel torture tools such as cramps。Trijiang Larang, the deputy monk of the 14th Dalai Lama, once killed and injured serfs and poor monks in the private temple management organization established by the Deqing Sect500Multiple people, yes121People are imprisoned,89People are exiled,538People are forced to be slaves,1025People were forced to flee, some72People’s marriages are broken up,484Women were raped.
Existing20Century50A letter from the relevant departments of the Tibetan local government to the leader of Rebutian in the early 1990s stated:“Reciting sutras and congratulating the Dalai Lama on his birthday，All members of the Lower Tantric Academy need to recite the Wrathful Fifteenth Day of Giving Food and Returning Cover。In order to effectively complete this Buddhist ceremony，Need to throw food on the same day，In urgent need of a pair of wet intestines、Two heads、Multiple blood、A whole piece of human skin，Hope it will be delivered immediately。”Human blood is required to perform rituals for the Dalai Lama、Human skull and skin，This shows the cruelty and bloodshed of old Tibet’s theocratic feudal serfdom system。
——Heavy taxes and exploitation。The main form of exploitation of serfs by serf owners is corvee、Taxation、Place(Animal)Ula servants for rent。The differential tax collected by the Tibetan local government alone is as high as200Multiple。The pay of serfs for local government and manor lords，Generally, it accounts for the labor of the serf household50%Above, some as high as70%To80%。In the feudal manor，The serf owners divided the land into two parts: a large portion of relatively fertile land，Reserved as the manor’s own camp；The other barren part、Outlying land is allocated to serfs on servile conditions，Serfs allocate land for use，Must bring your own farm tools、Rations，Performing unpaid labor on the manor’s own camp，The remaining time can be used to work on your own land。When the farm is busy or the serf owner is in trouble，People and animals must also be used to carry materials for the serf owners for free、Build a house，Or do other chores。Except for differences within the manor，Serfs still have to pay for the Tibetan local government and its subordinate agencies，The heaviest burden is poor transportation，Tibet is vast and sparsely populated，Inconvenient transportation，The transportation of various materials depends on people and animals。
According to the survey before democratic reform，Shared land belonging to the Dalongjiang Manor of Daza, the regent of the 14th Dalai Lama1445gram, full and half-labor serfs81people, total expenses throughout the year21266days, equivalent to the amount of labor67.3People work hard all year round, that is83%’s serfs serve for free throughout the year on the serf master’s side。Kesong Manor located on the banks of the Yalong River in Nedong County, Shannan Prefecture，It is Suokang, a great nobleman·One of the manors in Wangqingrad。Before democratic reform，There are serfs in this manor59household302People, land1200gram. The annual tax assessed by the owner of the manor, Saucon and his agents18item, errand14Item, accounting for labor days26800days; taxes allocated by the Tibetan local government9item, servant10Item, accounting for labor days2700Multiple days; taxes assessed by Rewuqulin Temple7item, errand3Item, accounting for labor days900Many days; on average each labor force has to serve three major lords every year210Unpaid labor for many days, provided and paid1600Many kilograms of grain,100Two Tibetan silver.
——Amazing loan sharking。The Dalai Lama of all dynasties has established an agency specifically responsible for his own money lending“Zibu”and“Ziqiong”, put the annual portion for Dalai Lama“Support”The income is given to the masses as usurious loans to make huge profits. according to1950Incomplete records in the account books of these two money lending institutions，Shared loan sharking of Tibetan silver3038581Two, annual interest303858two。Local governments at all levels in Tibet have a large number of money lending agencies，Money lending、Interest collection has become the administrative responsibility of officials at all levels。according to1959year survey，Lhasa Drepung Monastery、Sela Monastery、The three major monasteries of Ganden Monastery jointly lend food grains45451644jin, annual interest798728jin; put Tibetan silver57105895Two, annual interest1402380Two. The income from loan sharking accounts for the total income of the three major temples25%To30%。The vast majority of nobles also make loan sharks，Debt interest generally accounts for a large proportion of family income15%To20%。Serfs had to borrow money to survive，The number of serfs in debt accounts for the total number of serf households90%Above. French traveler Alexandre·Dawei·Neal said in "Ancient Tibet Facing the New China":“In Tibet，All farmers are serfs in debt for life，It is difficult to find a person among them who has paid off his debt。” There are new debts borne by serfs、Descendants Debt、Guaranteed debt、Collective assessment of debts, etc.，More than one-third of it is owed by ancestors from generation to generation、The debt to descendants that can never be repaid。The grandfather of Seren Gonpo, a serf in Renqingli Township, Mozhugongka County, once borrowed food debt from Sera Monastery50gram, grandfather, father and his three generations repay the interest amount77year, total interest payment3000Dock, but the creditor said he still owes10Ten thousand grams of grain. Tenzin, a serf of Dongga Dzong1941Borrowed by the serf owner1gramHighland Barley, arrived1951Year, the serfs asked him to return600gram。Tenzin can’t pay off his debt，Had no choice but to flee to another country，Wife was forced to death，7-year-old son was arrested to pay off the debt.
——Society is stagnant、On the brink of collapse。The cruel oppression and exploitation of theocratic feudal serfdom，Severely suffocating the vitality and vitality of society，Making Tibet stagnant for a long time。Until20Mid-century，Tibetan society is still in an extremely closed and backward state，Modern industry and commerce and modern technology、Education、Culture、Health services are almost blank，Agricultural production has long adopted primitive farming methods，Pastoral production basically adopts natural nomadic methods，Agricultural and animal husbandry varieties are single and degraded，Working tools cannot be improved，The level of productivity and the development level of the entire society is extremely low。The vast number of serfs are hungry and cold，Difficult survival，Countless people died due to hunger, cold, poverty and disease。Lhasa、Shigatse、Chamdo、In Naqu and other towns，Groups of beggars，You can see old people begging for food everywhere、Women and children。American Tibetologist Tan·Gorenv pointed out that although some claim1959A few years ago, most Tibetans had endless milk tea in their lives、A lot of meat and various vegetables，But1940showed:38%’s family never had tea,51%’s family cannot afford butter,75%’s family sometimes has to eat it cooked with beef bones、Weeds mixed with oatmeal or bean flour。“There is no evidence that Tibet is a utopian paradise”。
A large number of facts have proved that to20Mid-century，The feudal serfdom system of theocracy and religion has come to an end in Tibet。Tibetan society is full of contradictions、Dangerous，The majority of serfs are constantly launching petitions to escape their desperate situation、Escape、Anti-rent, anti-tax and armed resistance。formerly served as Apei of Kalon, the local government of old Tibet·Ngawang Jigme once pointed out:“Everyone thinks we can continue as usual，It won’t take long，All the serfs died，The nobles will not survive either，The entire society will be destroyed。”(Note7)
2. The magnificent democratic reform in Tibet
Implementing democratic reforms，Abolition of the feudal serfdom system that combined politics and religion，It is an inevitable requirement for the progress and development of human society，Is an important task of the people’s democratic revolution led by the Communist Party of China，It is the only way out for Tibetan social development and the urgent desire of the Tibetan people。1959Year，The Central People’s Government implements democratic reforms in Tibet，Abolition of extreme decadence、The dark feudal serfdom system，Completed the great epoch-making change in Tibetan history，Profoundly changed the destiny of the Tibetan people。
1949Year，In the context of the decisive victory of the Chinese People’s Liberation War，The People's Republic of China is proclaimed，Beiping、Hunan、Yunnan、Xinjiang、Xikang and other provinces and cities successively achieved liberation in a peaceful way。The Central People’s Government based on the actual situation in Tibet，Decided to adopt the policy of peaceful liberation of Tibet，Merge in1950Year1Official notification to local authorities in Tibet“Sending representatives to Beijing to negotiate for the peaceful liberation of Tibet”。1951Year2Month, the 14th Dalai Lama appointed Ngabo·Ngawang Jigme is the chief plenipotentiary, Kaimo·Suoan Wangdui, Tudan Danda, Tuden Lemen and Sangpo·Tenzin Thondup and four others are represented，Go to Beijing to handle negotiations with the Central People's Government。1951Year5month23日，Representatives of the Central People's Government and the Tibetan local government signed the "Seventeen-Article Agreement" on methods for the peaceful liberation of Tibet，Tibet achieves peaceful liberation。Peaceful liberation freed Tibet from the shackles of imperialist aggression，Breaking the long-term isolation of Tibetan society、Stagnation situation，Creating conditions for Tibet’s democratic reform, development and progress。
The "Seventeen-Article Agreement" has been approved and supported by the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet。1951Year9month26日To29日，The Tibetan local government convened with all monks and lay officials、Conference attended by representatives of the three major temples，Specialized discussion on the "Seventeen-Article Agreement"，Consider the agreement“For the Dalai Lama’s great cause，Buddhism in Tibet、Politics、Economic aspects，Very helpful，Unmatched，Should be followed”. The 14th Dalai Lama10month24日Call Chairman Mao Zedong to say“On the basis of friendship, representatives of both parties have concluded at1951Year5month23日Signed an agreement on the peaceful liberation of Tibet。Unanimously supported by the Tibetan local government and Tibetan monks and lay people，Under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Central People’s Government，Actively assist the People’s Liberation Army’s troops entering Tibet，Consolidate national defense，Expel imperialist forces from Tibet，Protect the unity of the motherland’s territorial sovereignty”。1954Year，The 14th Dalai Lama、The 10th Panchen Lama went to Beijing to attend the First National People’s Congress，And were elected as Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress respectively。The 14th Dalai Lama spoke at the meeting，Fully affirm the achievements made in the implementation of the "17-Article Agreement" over the past three years，Express warm support for the principles and regulations of regional ethnic autonomy。1956Year4month22日，The 14th Dalai Lama takes office as chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee，In his speech at the inaugural meeting of the Preparatory Committee, he reaffirmed that the "17-Article Agreement" has brought great benefits to the Tibetan people“Fully enjoy all rights of ethnic equality，Started on the bright road of freedom and happiness”。
Reforming the social system of Tibet is the proper meaning of implementing the "17-Article Agreement"。Article 11 of the "Seventeen-Article Agreement" clearly stipulates:“Various reform matters related to Tibet，The central government does not impose any compulsion；The Tibetan local government should take the initiative to carry out reforms，When the people demand reform，It must be resolved through consultation with Tibetan leaders”。After the peaceful liberation of Tibet，The Tibetan people’s calls for reform are rising day by day，Many enlightened people in the upper and middle classes in Tibet also realize it，If the old system is not reformed，There is no possibility for the Tibetan nation to prosper。But，Considering the special circumstances of Tibet’s history and bet365 online sports betting livereality，The Central People’s Government has adopted a very prudent attitude and extremely tolerant policy toward the reform of Tibet’s social system，Patiently persuade and wait for the Tibetan upper-level ruling group to take the initiative to carry out reforms，And give them enough time。1956, the Central People's Government made another decision based on the actual situation in Tibet“No change for six years”'s decision, waiting for the awakening of the upper echelons of Tibet.1957Year1month，Premier Zhou Enlai addressed the Dalai Lama during his visit to India、The Panchen Lama and the accompanying main officials of the Tibetan local government handed over Chairman Mao Zedong’s letter，Conveyed the central government’s decision，Emphasis on not changing in six years，Whether to reform after six years，It is still decided by Tibet based on the situation and conditions at that time。1957Year2month27日，Mao Zedong further clearly pointed out in "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People":“In accordance with the 17-point agreement between the central government and the Tibetan local government，Reform of the social system must be implemented，But when will it be implemented，We have to wait until the majority of the people and leaders in Tibet think it is feasible，In order to make a decision，Don’t be impatient。It has now been decided on the second five-year plan(1958-1962Year)No reforms will be carried out during this period. In the third five-year plan(1963-1967Year)Whether reforms will be carried out during the period，We can’t decide until then depending on the situation。”It can be said，The Central People’s Government is extremely benevolent and righteous to the Tibetan upper-class ruling group，Made the biggest concession。
But，Some people in Tibet’s upper-level ruling group are trying to protect the vested interests and privileges of the serf-owning class，Fundamentally opposed to reform，Attempt to maintain feudal serfdom forever。They deliberately violated and undermined the "17-Article Agreement"，Intensified and planned a series of activities to split the motherland，Until armed rebellion。1952March and April，Si Caolu Kangwa and Lobsang Tashi of the Tibetan local government secretly support illegal organizations“People's Assembly”Riots in Lhasa，Openly oppose the "17-Article Agreement"，Demand for the People’s Liberation Army“Withdraw from Tibet”。1955Year5month，The 14th Dalai Lama returned to Tibet from the mainland via Sichuan Province，Accompanying the Tibetan local government, Galon Sokham、The Dalai Lama’s Deputy Monk Chijiang excuses Buddhist activities，Take the North Road via Garze、Dege，Take the south road through Xiangcheng、Litang，Meet local chieftains and temple abbots along the way，Instigating force to resist democratic reform。Tibet“People's Assembly”Leader Alequnze and his party5In the name of welcoming the Dalai Lama back to Tibet，Special trip to Ya’an, Xikang Province、Kangding and other places，Synergy Chijiang，With the abbot of Litang Temple、The reactionary leader and the Kuomintang agent who has been lurking in Litang Temple for a long time swear a blood alliance，Organize and plan armed rebellion。1957Year, the third day of Lausanne(The Dalai Lama’s third brother)Instructing Qimei Gongbu, the leader of Jiangda Zong in Qamdo“Dalai’s instructions”, gathering rebel armed forces to launch a local rebellion.1957Year5The month is in Liuxia, Kalon, Tibet Local Government·Thupten Thapa, Xianka·Established with the support of Jumei Dorje“Four rivers and six hills”Rebel organization, later established as a so-called“Religious Guard”'s rebel forces were openly attacked“Tibetan Independence”And slogans against reform，The insurgency intensifies。Armed rebels harass Qamdo、Ding Qing、Heihe、Shannan and other areas，Disrupting traffic，Attack the central government agencies stationed in the local area、troops，Looting property everywhere，Killing cadres，Cruelty to the people，Adult women。
To this，The Central People's Government has repeatedly and solemnly instructed the Tibetan local government to punish the rebels，Maintain social security。But，The upper-class reactionary groups in Tibet misjudged the situation，Considering the central government’s patient waiting and forbearance as weakness that can be bullied。They claim:“Nine years，The Han people dare not touch our most beautiful and sacred system；We beat them，They can only parry，No power to fight back；As long as we transfer a large number of armed forces from other places to Lhasa，A dozen Han people are sure to run away；If you don’t run，We will force the Dalai Buddha to go to Shannan，Gather strength，Carry out counterattack，Recapture Lhasa；Not in the end，Run to India”。
With the support of foreign anti-China forces,1959Year3month10日，The Tibetan upper-class reactionary group carefully planned in Lhasa，provoked a full-scale armed rebellion。2month7日，The 14th Dalai Lama took the initiative to propose to Deputy Commander of the Tibet Military Region Deng Shaodong and others:“I heard that the Tibetan Military Region Art Troupe performed very well after returning from studying in the mainland，I want to see it once，Please make arrangements。”Deng Shaodong and others immediately expressed their welcome，And ask the Dalai Lama to confirm the performance time、Location，At the same time, he informed the Dalai Lama’s wish to Suokang and other Galen of the Tibetan local government and the Dalai Lama’s deputy chief Pala·Tu Dengwei Deng and others.3month8日, Dalai Lama confirmed3month10Sunday afternoon3hourGo to the Tibet Military Region Auditorium to watch a performance.3month9日夜, Razamiben(Officials in charge of public security in the old city of Lhasa，Equivalent to the current police chief of Chengguan District, Lhasa)But he incited the citizens to say: The Dalai Lama is going to the military area for a banquet tomorrow、Watching a show，The Han people prepared a plane，To abduct the Dalai Lama to Beijing；Each family must send someone to petition Norbulingka, the residence of the Dalai Lama，Please ask him not to go to the military area to watch the theater。The next morning，Coercion by rebels2000Many people go to Norbulingka and spread“The military region wants to poison the Dalai Lama”rumors, cries“Tibetan Independence”、“Drive away the Han people”’s slogan。The rebels also injured the retired Tibetan local government, Kalon、Sangpo, then deputy commander of the Tibet Military Region·Cawang Rigzin，Stone patriotic progressives、Kanqiong Pabala, member of the Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee·Suolang Jiangcuo was beaten to death，The body was tied to a horse’s tail and dragged to the city center for public display。Subsequently，The rebel leaders held successive so-called meetings“Conference of People’s Representatives”、“People’s Conference of the Independent State of Tibet”, publicly tore up the "17-Article Agreement", announced“Tibetan Independence”, launched a full-scale armed rebellion.
Although Norbulingka is controlled by rebels，Contact with the Dalai Lama is very difficult，Tan Guansan, the acting representative of the central government in Tibet, still managed to pass through patriots successively3month10日、11日和15Three letters to the Dalai Lama in Japan。Tan Guansan expressed his sympathy for the Dalai Lama’s situation in his letter，Concerned about his safety，And pointed out that the rebels are carrying out rampant military provocations，Require the Tibetan local government to stop it immediately。The Dalai Lama is also here3month11日、12日和16I wrote three replies to Tan Guansan on the same day. The letter said:“The reactionary bad elements are carrying out activities that endanger me under the pretext of protecting my safety，I'm trying to make peace with this。”“The illegal behavior of the reactionary group makes me infinitely sad……An incident that seriously alienated the relationship between the central and local governments in the name of protecting my safety，I'm doing everything possible to deal with it。”at16Day’s letter，He also said，Local government officials, etc. have been investigated“Education”and“Sternly rebuke”, and said that he might go to the military area in a few days. but,3month17Day and night，Dalai Lama and Galen Sokham、Liu Xia、Xia Su and other rebel leaders fled Lhasa together，Going to rebel forces“Base Area”Shannan. After the rebellion failed, he fled to India.
After the Dalai Lama left Lhasa, the rebels mobilized around7000person, in3month20Early morning of the dayLaunch a full-scale attack on the party, government and military agencies in Lhasa。The People’s Liberation Army troops stationed in Lhasa are having enough patience、When there is no way to give in，In the morning of the same day10When ordered to fight back。With the support of people of all ethnic groups in Tibet，Only1000The People’s Liberation Army of the Rest，Only two days，The rebel forces gathered in the Lhasa area were annihilated in one fell swoop，Suppressed the rebellion in Lhasa。After，Continued to quickly quell rebellions in other areas of Tibet。
As Chairman Mao Zedong pointed out:“The Dalai Lama’s conspiracy to rebel1955It started after returning from Beijing in 2003.1957He came back from India at the beginning of the year and arrived1958It has been arranged for two years.”1959After fleeing abroad，The 14th Dalai Lama and his political clique openly established the so-called“Tibetan Government-in-Exile”, public announcement“Tibetan Independence”，Reorganize the rebel forces，Years of military harassment on the Chinese border，Has been engaged in anti-China activities internationally for a long time，Instigated many riots in Tibet and other Tibetan areas，Going further and further on the road to splitting the motherland。
Armed rebellion in Tibet，Received support from foreign anti-China forces from the beginning。According to a certain Western media1971Year1month26日Report,1957Year2In August, a certain country’s intelligence agency conducted training on a certain island in the Pacific“Four rivers and six hills”Rebels. from1956New Year's Eve1957year, the intelligence agency successively selected170Many rebels came to the country“Kham guerrilla training base”Trained。Hundreds of Tibetans who received training were airdropped back to Tibet，Equipped with a portable machine gun，There is also a small gold box containing the Dalai Lama’s photo hanging around his neck。The intelligence agency trained a total of2000Tibetan guerrillas.1958Year7Yuehe1959Year2In March, the intelligence agency reported to“Four rivers and six hills”The rebel forces conducted two weapons airdrops, including403Rifle,20Light machine gun and60Crate of grenades, and a few bags of Indian rupees.1958Year11In March, the intelligence agency passed the so-called“McMahon Line”Transported to Shannan rebels in the Indian-occupied area to the south226Carry weapons and equipment. Next year1Month, and shipped through Nepal40Carrying supplies，Transported to Shannan rebel forces via Shegar。This intelligence agency has successively carried out operations against the rebels in the Kham region30Multiple airdrops, a lot of materials dropped250Tons, including nearly 10,000 piecesM-1Rifles, submachine guns and other firearms and lightweight57Recoilless rifles and anti-aircraft machine guns. According to another Western media1999Year8month16日's article says:1957Year to Year1960, a Western country airdropped to the Tibetan guerrillas400Multiple tons of supplies. the country“The CCP spends up to 100,000 yuan on operations in Tibet every year17010,000 US dollars”。
On the Dalai Lama’s flight，The above-mentioned intelligence agency modified an aircraft to airdrop supplies along the way，Use radio to communicate with rebel forces and nearby intelligence stations，And record the entire escape process。A Hong Kong media1974Year2month11日's report revealed: According to personnel involved in this operation，The Dalai Lama’s departure from his capital was planned by a Western intelligence agency。The country’s spy planes flew hundreds of miles into Tibet，Provide air cover for the Dalai Lama group，Airdrop food、Map、Radio and money，Also fired at Chinese positions，And filmed the operation。
In view of the fact that the upper reactionary ruling group in Tibet has completely embarked on the path of treason，1959Year3month28日，Premier Zhou Enlai issued an order of the State Council，Decided to dissolve the Tibetan local government，The Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee shall exercise the powers of local government，The 10th Panchen Erdeni serves as acting chairman。Meanwhile，Proposed by the Central People’s Government“Reform while suppressing rebellion”’s policy，Leading the Tibetan people to launch a magnificent democratic reform movement，Completely destroyed the feudal serfdom system that combined politics and religion，Realized the right to be the master of the country that millions of serfs and slaves dreamed of。
III. The historic changes in Tibet in half a century
Democratic reform50years，With the care of the Central People’s Government and the support of the people across the country，People of all ethnic groups in Tibet burst out with great enthusiasm to create a better life as masters，Promoted Tibet’s economic and social development by leaps and bounds，Various undertakings have achieved world-renowned historic achievements。
——The social system has achieved a historic leap，The Tibetan people’s right to be the masters of the country is guaranteed by the system。1965Year，Tibet Autonomous Region is established，marks the comprehensive establishment of the system of regional ethnic autonomy in Tibet，Achieved a historic leap in Tibet’s social system from the feudal serfdom system of theocracy to the socialist system of people’s democracy，The Tibetan people have since entered a new era in which they are the masters of their own country。The former serfs and slaves have since enjoyed the political rights to equally participate in the management of national affairs and to independently manage the affairs of their own region and nation。The people of Tibet are the same as the people of all ethnic groups in the country，Enjoy all the rights stipulated in the national constitution and laws。They directly elect counties according to law、District、Township、Delegate to the Town People’s Congress，And elected by these representatives to attend the national and autonomous regions、Delegates to the Municipal People’s Congress，Exercise the power to participate in the management of national and local affairs through the people's congresses at all levels in accordance with the law。2007year, in the autonomous regions and regions of Tibet(City), county, township(Town)In the fourth-level general election, the participation rate reached96.4%, in some places the participation rate reached100%. elected through direct and indirect elections34000Among the four-level National People’s Congress deputies, Tibetans and other ethnic minorities account for the majority94%Above。bet365 online sports betting appCurrently，Among the National People’s Congress deputies，In Tibet Autonomous Region20representatives, including12Tibetan citizens, Monba and Lhoba citizens1Name.
The right of the Tibetan people to independently manage the affairs of their own nation and region is guaranteed。1965since years，The successive directors of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress and the Chairman of the People’s Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have all been held by Tibetan citizens，The main leaders of the standing committees of people’s congresses and governments at all levels are all Tibetan citizens。The main leaders of the procuratorates and courts at all levels in the Tibet Autonomous Region are also Tibetan citizens。Currently，In the autonomous region、Place(City)、Among the members of county-level three-level state agencies，Tibetan and other ethnic minority citizens account for77.97%。
The Tibet Autonomous Region not only enjoys the power of provincial-level state agencies to formulate local regulations，And the right to follow local politics、Economic and cultural characteristics，Determine local affairs，Formulate autonomous regulations and separate regulations；Resolution of superior state agency、Decision、Command、Instructions，If there are any that are not suitable for the actual situation in Tibet，The Tibetan Autonomous Authority may apply for approval to modify the execution or suspend the execution。According to statistics，The Standing Committee of the Autonomous Region People’s Congress1965Since years, a total of formulations250The remaining local regulations and resolutions of a statutory nature、Decision，The content involves political power construction、Economic Development、Cultural Education、Language、Justice、Cultural relic protection、Wildlife and natural resource protection and many other aspects，Effectively safeguarding the political power of the Tibetan people、Special rights and interests in all aspects of economic and social life，Promoted the development of various undertakings in Tibet。
——Economic construction achieves leap-forward development，The face of society is changing with each passing day。50years，The central government promotes the economic and social development of Tibet，Implemented a series of preferential policies for Tibet，In financial resources、Material resources、Strong support in terms of manpower and other aspects。According to statistics，Only in infrastructure construction，1951Year to Year2008years, the country has invested a total of1000More than 100 million yuan.1959Year to Year2008, the cumulative fiscal transfer payments from the central government to Tibet reached2019More than 100 million yuan, average annual growth of nearly12%. in,2001Year to Year2008Year cumulative amount1541More than 100 million yuan.1994Since the year, the central government has arranged successively60Multiple central state agencies, nationwide18Provinces and cities17A number of central enterprises have provided counterpart support to Tibet’s economic construction, as of now2008At the end of the year, a total of funds invested in counterpart assistance to Tibet amounted to111.28100 million yuan, arranged6056Counterpart assistance projects to Tibet, selected3747A cadre who aided Tibet went to work in Tibet。With the care of the central government and support from the whole country，Tibet’s economic and social development has advanced by leaps and bounds。According to statistics，1959Year to Year2008In year 40454_404631.74100 million yuan increased to395.91100 million yuan, calculated at comparable prices, growth65times, average annual growth8.9%。1994Since 2011, Tibet’s GDP has grown at an average annual rate12.8%, higher than the national average annual growth level during the same period.1959Year to Year2008, Tibet’s per capita GDP was by142Yuan increased to13861Yuan, increase13719Yuan.
There was no road in old Tibet，Today，Focus on highway construction，Aviation、Railway、Coordinated development of pipeline transportation，A transportation network extending in all directions with Lhasa as the center has been formed。2008Year，Tibet has basically realized roads connecting counties and counties，Highway mileage reached5.1310,000 kilometers, ratio1959year0.7310,000 kilometers increased4.410,000 kilometers;Passenger volume ratio 1959Nearly yearly increase107times; freight volume ratio1959year increase11More than times。Mainly hydropower，Geothermal、Wind energy、Solar energy and other complementary energies、A multi-faceted energy system is gradually being established。1959Year to Year2008, Tibet’s power generation increased annually16.8%, nearly210Ten thousand people have access to electricity, accounting for 10% of the total population73%. Promote clean energy in rural areas,4.3Ten thousand households of farmers and herdsmen use biogas。Rapid development of communications industry，Basically realized county-county optical cable connection、Xiangxiang telephone call。The total number of fixed and mobile phone users reached156.210,000 households, telephone penetration rate reaches every 100 people55Department.
Agriculture and animal husbandry in old Tibet basically relied on the sky、Relying on God to raise livestock，Now，The degree of modernization of agriculture and animal husbandry has been greatly improved，Disaster prevention and resilience capabilities have been significantly enhanced，Technology contribution rate reached36%. Grain production is given by1959year18.2910,000 tons increased2008year9510,000 tons; the average grain yield per mu is1959year91kgRaise to2008near year370kg;The number of livestock at the end of the year is given by1959year95610,000 heads(only)Increase to2008year2400Yuwantou(only)。There was no modern industry in old Tibet，Today，Tibet has initially formed a dominant mining industry、Building materials industry、National handicraft industry、Tibetan medicine industry is the pillar，Includes electricity、Processing of agricultural and livestock products、A modern industrial system with Tibetan characteristics including food and beverage processing and manufacturing。2008, Tibet’s industrial added value has increased from1959year0.15100 million yuan increased29.68亿Yuan.Modern Business、Travel、Food Services、New industries such as culture and entertainment that were unheard of in old Tibet are developing rapidly，Becoming Tibet’s largest industry。
——People’s living standards have been greatly improved，Survival and development conditions have been greatly improved。Before democratic reform，Tibetan farmers and herdsmen have no means of production，Almost lifelong debt，No net income at all，2008The per capita net income of Tibetan farmers and herdsmen reached3176yuan,1978Average annual growth since the beginning10.1%，2003The average annual growth since the year has reached13.1%。2008, the per capita disposable income of Tibetan urban residents reached12482yuan, ratio1978year565Yuan growth21times. Before democratic reform, Tibet90%The above people do not have their own housing，The living conditions of farmers and herdsmen are extremely poor，Insufficient urban residents per capita3square meters. At that time, there were only210,000 people，There are nearly a thousand households of poor people and beggars living in tattered tents around the city。Now，The living conditions of the Tibetan people have been greatly improved。By promoting the construction of new rural areas、Implementing housing project，Already20Ten thousand households and millions of farmers and herdsmen have moved into safe and suitable new houses.2008, the per capita living area of rural residents reached22.83square meters, the per capita living area of urban residents reaches33.00square meters。Currently，Social security systems have been initially established from cities to rural areas。2008Tibet“Five guarantee households”’s support standard has been met1600Yuan.2006Tibet’s per capita income was lower than800All farmers and herdsmen worth 44786 yuan are included in the minimum living allowance，Being the first in the country to establish a minimum living security system in agricultural and pastoral areas。
Before peaceful liberation，There is no modern medical and health institution in Tibet，Only3The equipment is rudimentary、Small government-run Tibetan medical institutions and a small number of private clinics，Less than a hundred medical staff，Add the proximity of agricultural and pastoral areas300There are 45049 private Tibetan doctors, with an average of less than 1,000 people in the region0.4medical staff。Smallpox、Cholera、STD、Typhus、Scarlet Fever、Tetanus and other diseases are often prevalent。After peaceful liberation, especially after democratic reform，The Chinese government takes various measures to prevent diseases，Soon, some diseases that seriously endanger people’s health were basically brought under control。from20Century60Start of era，Smallpox eradicated in Tibet，Various infectious diseases、The incidence of endemic diseases has dropped significantly。Now，Tibet takes the lead in the country to achieve full coverage of urban residents’ medical insurance，And gradually established a medical system in agricultural and pastoral areas based on free medical care，Free medical subsidies for farmers and herdsmen per capita140Yuan.2008, there were total health institutions in Tibet1339number, ratio1959year increase1277; actual hospital beds available7127Zhang, Bi1959year increase6647Zhang; health technician9098People, ratio1959year increase8307person；The number of hospital beds and health technicians per 1,000 people has reached respectively2.50Zhang He3.05People, ratio1959Increase each year2.11Zhang He2.41person。With the improvement of medical and health conditions，Tibet’s average life expectancy increased from that at the time of the peaceful liberation35.5year increase67Years old. according to2000The fifth national census in Tibet80Sui Zhi99year old man13581People, elderly people over 100 years old62person，It is one of the provinces and regions in China with the most centenarians per capita。The total population of Tibet is given by1959year122.810,000 people increased2008year287.08Ten thousand people, of which Tibetans and other ethnic minorities account for95%Above. close50was the fastest growing period of Tibetan population in centuries.
——Traditional national culture has been protected and promoted，Freedom of religious belief is fully respected。The government takes effective measures，Promote the learning of Tibetan language、Use and Development。Tibet implements Tibet、Pay equal attention to Chinese and Chinese language，Mainly in Tibetan language P。Currently，All rural and pastoral areas and some urban primary schools implement simultaneous teaching of Tibetan and Chinese，Main courses are taught in Tibetan。Teaching in Tibetan and Chinese is also implemented at the middle school level，And insist on opening Tibetan language courses in Tibetan middle schools in the mainland。In the admissions examination of colleges and universities and secondary vocational schools，Tibetan language as an examination subject，The results are included in the total score。Since the establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region，Resolutions passed by people’s congresses at all levels、Regulations，Official documents and announcements issued by governments at all levels in Tibet, including government departments, use Tibetan、Chinese and Chinese。In judicial proceedings，To the Tibetan litigation participants，All cases are heard in Tibetan language，Legal documents are also in Tibetan。Official seal of each unit、Certificate、Logo and mechanism、Factories and Mines、School、Station、Airport、Store、Hotel、Restaurant、Theater、Tourist attractions and sports venues、Signage and streets for libraries, etc.、Traffic road signs, etc. are all hidden、Chinese and Chinese。Tibet People’s Broadcasting Station1959Since the establishment of Taiwan，Always focus on running Tibetan language broadcasting，Currently opened a total of42Tibetan(includes Kamba)Program(Column), Tibetan news is broadcast daily on a comprehensive frequency21hours15minutes, Kham radio frequency broadcasts every day17hours50minutes。After the launch of Tibet TV Satellite Channel，Specialized Tibetan channel。2007Year10month1日Tibetan TV realized it24Hour rolling broadcast. Currently, Tibet has14Tibetan magazine,10A Tibetan newspaper. Hidden in1984Informatization processing was realized in 2017，And developed a Tibetan software operating system compatible with Chinese and English。Tibetan encoding international standard in1997Passed in year，Becomes the first Chinese minority script to have international standards。
Traditional national cultural heritage is effectively protected、Inheritance and development。National organization edited and published Chinese Opera Chronicle、Collection of Chinese folk songs、Ethnic folk dance collection、Proverbs Integration、Quyi integration、Collection of ethnic folk songs、opera music integration、Collection of folk tales and other top ten literary and artistic collections Tibet volume，Promptly rescued and effectively protected a large number of important cultural heritage in Tibet。The state will fund the compilation and publication of the large-scale oral rap heroic epic "The Biography of King Gesar" as a key scientific research project，Now collected300Yu Bu, compiled and published in Tibetan version62Part, Chinese translation20Multiple parts，And many of them have been translated into English、日、Published in French。After democratic reform，Potala Palace、Jokhang Temple、Drepung Monastery、Sela Monastery、Gaden Monastery、Tashilhunpo Temple、Sakya Monastery and others are listed as national key cultural relics protection units。20Century80Since the 1990s, the central government and local Tibetan financial arrangements have been successively arranged7more than 100 million yuan，Used to repair and open a number of national cultural relics protection units and key temples of various sects。1989New Year's Eve1994year, allocated by the state5500Ten thousand yuan and a lot of gold、Silver and other precious materials carried out a major repair on the Potala Palace。2001Since 2010, special funds have been allocated3.3100 million yuan，Used to repair the Potala Palace、Norbulingka、Three major cultural relics and historic sites of Sakya Monastery。2007, the central government allocated money again5.7100 million yuan, used for“Eleventh Five-Year Plan”Period(2006-2010Year)To Tibet22Comprehensive maintenance and protection of key cultural relics protection units。This is unprecedented in the history of Chinese cultural relics protection。
The Tibetan people’s freedom of religious belief and normal religious activities are protected。Currently，Total in Tibet1700Many bet365 online sports bettingplaces for various religious activities, with monks and nuns staying in temples4.610,000 people，Fully meet the needs of religious believers。Temple Study Sutra、Debating Scripture、Ordained、Initiation、Traditional religious activities such as spiritual practice and temple study and scripture assessment and degree promotion activities are carried out as normal。According to incomplete statistics，Existing in Tibet60I am in a sutra study class, and the sutra study monks make an appointment6000person。The reincarnation of the Living Buddha is respected by the country as a unique inheritance method of Tibetan Buddhism。There are various religious activities in Tibet，Religious festivals are held frequently。20Century80Since the 1990s，Tibet has gradually resumed religious festivals of various sects and types40more than one。Monks and lay believers organize and participate in the Sagadawa Festival every year、Various religious and traditional activities such as Shoton Festival。
——Comprehensive development of modern education, news and cultural undertakings，The people’s cultural and educational level continues to improve。Old Tibet did not have a school in the modern sense，Insufficient enrollment rate of school-age children2%, the illiteracy rate is high95%。50years，The state invests a lot of money to develop education in Tibet，Making Tibet the first in the country to realize free compulsory education in urban and rural areas。from1985Start of year，Implementing a boarding-based primary and secondary school education model in agricultural and pastoral areas，And provide free meals for the children of farmers and herdsmen in the compulsory education stage、Enclose、Study fees included“Three guarantees”Policy.2008Year, Tibet73Counties(City, district)All six years of compulsory education have been universalized and illiteracy has been basically eliminated，where70Counties have completed universal nine-year compulsory education, and the illiteracy rate has dropped to2.4%. The enrollment rate of primary school-age children has reached98.5%, the junior high school enrollment rate reaches92.2%, high school enrollment rate reaches51.2%. According to statistics, Tibet’s existing primary schools884school, ordinary middle school117Institute, teaching point1237pieces.2008, the average number of years of education per capita in Tibet has reached6.3Year.2008Year, Tibet P junior college6School, students are nearby3Ten thousand people, higher education enrollment rate has reached19.7%. There are also secondary schools(Position)professional school10Institute, current students2.1Ten thousand people.20Over the years, there have been many nationwide20Provinces and municipalities28Schools offering Tibetan classes in the Mainland(School), yes53A key high school in the Mainland,90Many colleges and universities recruit Tibetan students，Cumulative enrollment of junior high school students36727person, high school(Technical secondary school)生30370person, college student1.2More than 10,000 people have been trained and transported to Tibet1.8More than 10,000 construction talents at all levels and types。Currently，Total number of students enrolled in Tibetan classes in mainland China18640person。The rapid development of modern science and technology，The technology team continues to grow，2007All kinds of professional and technical personnel reached46508People, among which technical personnel from ethnic minorities, mainly Tibetan, amounted to31487person。A group of doctors、Master、Scientist、Engineers and other senior talents stand out，Become a new force in promoting the development of Tibet。
Modern journalism and culture from scratch，Rapid development。Existing in Tibet2Book publishing house,2An audio-visual publishing house with various printing plants35, newspapers with public circulation23Species, periodicals34species, whole area7Every prefecture and city has newspapers in both Tibetan and Chinese。There are radio and television stations in Tibet9Block, Medium Wave Broadcasting Relay Station39Block, FM radio relay station above county level76Block, county level or above(Including ports)TV broadcast station80seat, cable TV broadcast station76seat, township(Town)Radio and TV“Every village has access”station9111Block. The comprehensive population coverage of radio and television respectively increased from1978year18%and2%rising to2008year88.8%and89.9%, realized the whole district and township(Town)、The goal of providing radio and television access to administrative villages。Existing film screening institutions in Tibet564number, management organization82, projection team in agricultural and pastoral areas478number, screening point7697, movie screening has been covered98%'s administrative village, the average number of farmers and herdsmen in the region watch movies every month1.64Field. At present, Tibet has mass art centers and cultural centers at all levels(station)257, various professional performing groups10piece, folk art troupe18, mass amateur performance group660pieces.The development of news and cultural undertakings helps the people understand the news、Creating conditions for access to information and leisure and entertainment，Enriching the spiritual and cultural life of the Tibetan people。
Conclusion
50Great changes over the years，Tibet has experienced from darkness to light、From backwardness to progress、From poverty to wealth、From autocracy to democracy、The glorious journey from isolation to openness。current，Tibet Economic Development、Social progress、Cultural prosperity、Improvement of people’s livelihood、National unity、Zhengtongrenhe，We are in the best development period in history。
History has eloquently proved that in120Democratic reforms are implemented on more than 10,000 square kilometers of land，Abolish the theocratic feudal serfdom that lasted for centuries，Making millions of serfs and slaves stand up，This is not only a very important chapter in the history of China’s human rights development，And wrote an important chapter in the history of international slavery，It is undoubtedly a great feat that will shine through the ages in the process of human civilization and progress。No democratic reform，It does not account for the population of Tibet95%The liberation of the working people，There would be no leap-forward development of Tibetan society，Without the development and progress of Tibetan human rights cause，Without the beautiful life of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet today。
History has eloquently proved，The 14th Dalai Lama and his political clique are the general representatives of old Tibet’s theocratic feudal serfdom system and the very small serf-owning class，It is the politics of old Tibet、Monopolists and vested interests in economic and cultural resources。They have a fundamental conflict of interest with the working people who make up the vast majority of the Tibetan population，There is a profound and irreconcilable contradiction with the requirements for the development and progress of Tibetan society and the development laws of human society。This determines the inevitability of the Dalai Lama clique’s stubborn opposition to democratic reforms，Decided that they will never automatically withdraw from the stage of history，Never give up your privileges automatically，I will never be reconciled to my failure。50years ago，In order to maintain the theocratic feudal serfdom and its privileges“Never change”，The Dalai Lama clique does not hesitate to launch an armed rebellion with the purpose of splitting the motherland。Defected abroad50years，They have never given up their attempt to restore theocratic feudal serfdom。They establish and maintain the so-called unity of politics and religion with the 14th Dalai Lama as the head of politics and religion abroad“Tibetan Government-in-Exile”，With the support of Western anti-China forces，The activities that undermine Tibet’s development and stability and split the country have never stopped for a moment。They are confusing right and wrong internationally，Making public opinion，Dress yourself up“Tibetan people”’s spokesperson，Beautify the feudal serfdom society of old Tibet that was theocratic and religious into a paradise one“Shangri-La”, blaming the implementation of democratic reforms and promoting the development and progress of Tibet as“Extinction Culture”、“Destroy religion”、“Human rights violation”。This explains，How reluctant the 14th Dalai Lama and his political clique are to see the theocratic serfdom abolished and the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet to become masters of their own country under the people's democratic socialist system，How reluctant to see the loss of privileges of the serf-owner class and the happiness and well-being of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet，How much I hope to restore the theocratic feudal serfdom system that has been swept into the garbage dump of history，How much they hope to restore their lost feudal serf-owner class rule“Heaven”。This also explains，The essence of the differences and struggles between us and the Dalai Lama clique，It is not a question of autonomy or non-autonomy at all，It is always progress and regression、The struggle between unity and division。
History has eloquently proved，Abolition of serfdom、Emancipation of serfs and slaves，Maintain national unity、Oppose national division，It is a progressive and just cause that safeguards human rights and national sovereignty。History，The U.S. government once fought against southern secessionism and slavery，Free the black slaves，He does not hesitate to launch as long as4Years of large-scale civil war, consumption150More than 100 million dollars in war costs, resulting in110Tens of thousands of casualties and immeasurable losses。President Lincoln, who led this war, is famous in history，Still praised by the American people and people around the world。The Dalai Lama Group maintains the feudal serfdom of theocracy，Brazenly launched a large-scale armed rebellion to split the motherland，The Chinese government takes measures to quell the rebellion，Maintain national unity，Free millions of serfs and slaves，Its progressive significance in human history is comparable to that of the American Civil War and the liberation of black slaves。However，Some Western anti-China forces ignore objective facts，Confusing right and wrong，The general representative of the feudal serfdom system that integrated politics and religion、The 14th Dalai Lama, the general representative of Tibetan feudal serf owners, is touted as“Human rights defender”、“Peace Messenger”、“Spiritual leader”，And feudal serfdom will be abolished、The Chinese government that liberated millions of serfs and slaves is accused of“Human rights violation”。This is totally ridiculous，Also thought-provoking。In fact，So-called“Tibet issue”From the beginning, it was the product of imperialism’s attempt to carve up China，It is the modern imperialist powers’ attempt to turn China into a colony、Part of the semi-colonial plot。1959Year，The armed rebellion launched by the Dalai Lama clique to split the country took place with the support and instigation of imperialist forces。After the Dalai Lama clique defected abroad，Western anti-China forces have never stopped attacking the Dalai group“Tibetan independence”Instigation, support and training of separatist activities. This shows that the so-called“Tibet issue”It’s not a national issue at all、Religious issues and human rights issues，It is the Western anti-China forces trying to contain China、Split China、The problem of demonizing China。
History also eloquently proves，There is no way out for restoration，Division has no future。The times are moving forward，Society must progress，This is an unstoppable historical trend。The will of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, including the Tibetan people, to safeguard national unity and sovereignty is unshakable，Adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China、Adhere to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics、The will to uphold the system of regional ethnic autonomy is unshakable，Promote the modernization of Tibet、The will to build a new Tibet that is united, democratic, prosperous, civilized and harmonious is unshakable。Dalai Group engages in this“Tibetan Independence”No way out, fight“High degree of autonomy”Flag seeks semi-independence、There is no way out for disguised independence。No matter what excuse the Dalai Lama Group uses，An attempt to reverse history in Tibet，Restore feudal serfdom rule，This is the suffering of feudal serfdom、The people of all ethnic groups in Tibet who have personally experienced the blessings of New Tibet will never agree，It is also doomed to fail。The 14th Dalai Lama can only truly give up“Tibetan Independence”’s claim，Abandon any attempt to restore the old system，Recognize that Tibet is an integral part of China，Disband the so-called“Tibetan Government-in-Exile”，Stop all activities that split the country，It’s the only way out。The 14th Dalai Lama must thoroughly reflect on and fundamentally correct his political opinions and actions。The central government has always kept the door open for the 14th Dalai Lama to return to his patriotic stance，It will also be open in the future。
Comment
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⑦Apei·Ngawang Jigme: "The Great Turning Point in the Development of Tibetan History"，Contained in "Chinese Tibetology"1991Year1Issue.(End)
